异常
upstream server temporarily disabled while connecting to upstream
no live upstreams while connecting to upstream
max_fails与fail_timeout
max_fails默认值为1,fail_timeout默认值为10秒。
nginx可以通过设置max_fails（最大尝试失败次数）和fail_timeout（失效时间，在到达最大尝试失败次数后，在fail_timeout的时间范围内节点被置为失效，除非所有节点都失效，否则该时间内，节点不进行恢复）对节点失败的尝试次数和失效时间进行设置，当超过最大尝试次数或失效时间未超过配置失效时间，则nginx会对节点状会置为失效状态，nginx不对该后端进行连接，直到超过失效时间或者所有节点都失效后，该节点重新置为有效，重新探测.
upstream backend { server backend1.example.com weight=5; server 127.0.0.1:8080 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=30s; server unix:/tmp/backend3; server backup1.example.com backup;} fail的标准
比如
connect() failed (111: Connection refused) while connecting to upstream, client: 127.0.0.1, server: , request: "POST /demo HTTP/1.1", subrequest: "/capture/getstatus", upstream: "http://192.168.99.100:8080/api/demo/
比如
upstream timed out (110: Connection timed out) while reading response header from upstream
Nginx 默认判断失败节点状态以connect refuse和time out状态为准，不以HTTP错误状态进行判断失败，因为HTTP只要能返回状态说明该节点还可以正常连接，所以nginx判断其还是存活状态；除非添加了proxy_next_upstream指令设置对404、502、503、504、500和time out等错误进行转到备机处理，在next_upstream过程中，会对fails进行累加，如果备用机处理还是错误则直接返回错误信息（但404不进行记录到错误数，如果不配置错误状态也不对其进行错误状态记录），综述，nginx记录错误数量只记录timeout 、connect refuse、502、500、503、504这6种状态，timeout和connect refuse是永远被记录错误状态，而502、500、503、504只有在配置proxy_next_upstream后nginx才会记录这4种HTTP错误到fails中，当fails大于等于max_fails时，则该节点失效.
探测机制
如果探测所有节点均失效，备机也为失效时，那么nginx会对所有节点恢复为有效，重新尝试探测有效节点，如果探测到有效节点则返回正确节点内容，如果还是全部错误，那么继续探测下去，当没有正确信息时，节点失效时默认返回状态为502，但是下次访问节点时会继续探测正确节点，直到找到正确的为止。
实验log
upstream test_server{ server 192.168.99.100:80801; server 192.168.99.100:80802; server 192.168.99.100:80803; }##for capturelocation /api/test/demo{ proxy_pass http://test_server/api/demo;} location /api/demo{ default_type application/json; content_by_lua_file conf/lua/demo.lua;} lua
local cjson = require "cjson.safe"testres = ngx.location.capture("/api/test/demo",{ method= ngx.HTTP_POST, body = "arg1=xxxx&arg2=xxxxx"})ngx.log(ngx.ERR,"status"..testres.status)local testbody = cjson.decode(testres.body)ngx.log(ngx.ERR,testbody==nil) 请求192.168.99.100:8080/api/demo,里头的lua会发起一个capture，请求/api/test/demo
请求一次
2017/02/09 14:48:57 [error] 5#5: *1 connect() failed (111: Connection refused) while connecting to upstream, client: 192.168.99.1, server: , request: "POST /api/demo HTTP/1.1", subrequest: "/api/test/demo", upstream: "http://192.168.99.100:80801/api/demo", host: "192.168.99.100:8080"2017/02/09 14:48:57 [warn] 5#5: *1 upstream server temporarily disabled while connecting to upstream, client: 192.168.99.1, server: , request: "POST /api/demo HTTP/1.1", subrequest: "/api/test/demo", upstream: "http://192.168.99.100:80801/api/demo", host: "192.168.99.100:8080"2017/02/09 14:48:57 [error] 5#5: *1 connect() failed (111: Connection refused) while connecting to upstream, client: 192.168.99.1, server: , request: "POST /api/demo HTTP/1.1", subrequest: "/api/test/demo", upstream: "http://192.168.99.100:80802/api/demo", host: "192.168.99.100:8080"2017/02/09 14:48:57 [warn] 5#5: *1 upstream server temporarily disabled while connecting to upstream, client: 192.168.99.1, server: , request: "POST /api/demo HTTP/1.1", subrequest: "/api/test/demo", upstream: "http://192.168.99.100:80802/api/demo", host: "192.168.99.100:8080"2017/02/09 14:48:57 [error] 5#5: *1 connect() failed (111: Connection refused) while connecting to upstream, client: 192.168.99.1, server: , request: "POST /api/demo HTTP/1.1", subrequest: "/api/test/demo", upstream: "http://192.168.99.100:80803/api/demo", host: "192.168.99.100:8080"2017/02/09 14:48:57 [warn] 5#5: *1 upstream server temporarily disabled while connecting to upstream, client: 192.168.99.1, server: , request: "POST /api/demo HTTP/1.1", subrequest: "/api/test/demo", upstream: "http://192.168.99.100:80803/api/demo", host: "192.168.99.100:8080"2017/02/09 14:48:57 [error] 5#5: *1 [lua] demo.lua:44: status502 while sending to client, client: 192.168.99.1, server: , request: "POST /api/demo HTTP/1.1", host: "192.168.99.100:8080"
对upstream逐个请求，都失败，则capture的subrequest返回502，对client返回的status code取决于lua脚本
再请求一次
2017/02/09 15:09:34 [error] 6#6: *11 no live upstreams while connecting to upstream, client: 192.168.99.1, server: , request: "POST /api/demo HTTP/1.1", subrequest: "/api/test/demo", upstream: "http://test_server/api/demo", host: "192.168.99.100:8080"
该upstream下面的server都挂的情况下出现no live upstreams while connecting to upstream